The Iranian Constitutional Movement represented the struggle of Iranians towards constitutional democracy, parliamentary government, and social and economic reforms. Since the weakening of the Qajar dynasty in the second half of the nineteenth century, Western penetration in the region and the growing discontent within the country affected social, ideological, and economic changes, which continue to be relevant to Iranian society today. By the end of the nineteenth century, Iran was fully incorporated into a network of European commerce and had implemented several modernization measures, drawing the country closer to European influences in the areas of education and civil society. The culmination (and unintended consequences) of these and other historical developments paved the way to a period of social unrest and change, as ideas of constitutionalism, secularism, and nationalism became equated with modernization; new Iranian intellectuals (roshanfekran) promoted ideas of social change and challenged foreign imperialism; new forms of identity emerged; the traditional middle class reacted to court corruption and foreign economic domination; and non-Muslim minorities became increasingly politicized. This book which is a collection of historical photographs depicting social and political life in Iran [Persia] was published to commemorate this historic event. The book also includs two short articles in English about the movement and many articles in Persian language.